Siapa yang tak kenal Albus Dumbledore? Seorang kepala sekolah di Film Harry Potter 1 - 7. Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore ini ternyata mempunyai banyak hal yang dia sembunyikan selama menjadi kepala sekolah di Hogwarts. Dia menyembunyikan masalah nya itu karena dia harus bersikap Professional sebagai kepala sekolah, yaitu tidak mengkaitkan masalah pribadi nya dengan jabatan nya sebagai kepala sekolah. Seorang wartawan dari Daily Prophet mengungkap rahasia dumbledore dengan cara mewawancarai Bathilda Bagshot, Rita menuliskan sebuah buku yang berjudul "Life and lies Albus Dumbledore". Berikut isinya
Albus Dumbledore is perhaps the most enigmatic character in the world of Harry Potter. J.K. Rowling once called him the epitome of goodness,1 but Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
refuted that notion. Rita Skeeter’s breathless tell-all about
Dumbledore’s shady past shocked wizarding Britain and gave us a new and
disturbing look at the venerable old wizard. Yet in the end it is not
Dumbledore’s youthful flirtation with pure-blood supremacy that lingers
to tarnish his image, nor even his resentment of his sister, Ariana. He
repented those terrible mistakes a hundred years ago and learned from
them at great personal cost. Rather, it is Dumbledore’s actions in the
latter years of his life that impugn his character.
Dumbledore was a good man in many ways. He was firmly dedicated to
the Light and he was capable of great patience and gentleness, but he
was also aloof and often demonstrated a callous disregard for his
fellows. Rowling herself acknowledged this and called Dumbledore
“isolated” and “detached.” 2 We see this clearly in his treatment of Sirius in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.
It was cruel to keep Sirius locked up in a house that he hated; however
Dumbledore was only concerned with keeping Sirius safe and believed
that confining him to number twelve, Grimmauld Place was the best way to
do so. Sirius’s feelings were unimportant.
Of course, keeping Sirius safe was only one of myriad problems facing
Dumbledore. His over-arching concern was the defeat of Lord Voldemort
and looking back on his actions throughout the series, it is clear that
all of his efforts were aimed at vanquishing the Dark wizard once and
for all. This was a worthy goal and Dumbledore was more than willing to
give his own life in its pursuit. Nevertheless, while the struggle to
defeat Voldemort brought out the best in the old wizard, it also brought
out the worst. Rowling called Dumbledore “Machiavellian” 3
and indeed, in his desire to vanquish his enemy, Dumbledore used others
without compunction, even to the point of plotting a child’s death.
This was always for the greater good and never selfish, but while
many might argue that Dumbledore was merely a pragmatic general making
the necessary sacrifices demanded by war, this is not true. Dumbledore
can be forgiven for making mistakes as he did with Sirius. He can also
be excused for asking great sacrifices of his followers and even for
grooming Harry to die. That was the only way to destroy Voldemort and a
general must put victory first.
However, Dumbledore crossed the line from being a stoic leader to a
calculating manipulator because he never gave his followers all of the
information they needed to make a free choice. He gave them only enough
to maneuver them into doing what he wanted them to do. This was
especially true of his two most valuable assets: Harry Potter and
Severus Snape.
Child of Prophecy
In Deathly Hallows, Dumbledore’s brother, Aberforth, talked of
Albus’s faults while trying to dissuade Harry from following
Dumbledore’s orders. “Secrets and lies, that’s how we grew up, and Albus
… he was a natural.” 4 Indeed he was and his greatest secret centered on Harry Potter.
It is fairly clear that Dumbledore’s plan for Harry to sacrifice
himself to defeat Voldemort was conceived long before Harry arrived at
Hogwarts. While we are not told this explicitly, we can deduce it. Some
may argue that Dumbledore didn’t realize that Harry was a Horcrux until
Harry handed him Tom Riddle’s diary in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. But while this may indeed have been Dumbledore’s first indication that Voldemort had intentionally
created Horcruxes, it doesn’t adequately explain his knowledge of Harry
as a Horcrux. Only moments after hearing the story of the diary,
Dumbledore had a crucial exchange with Harry:
“You can speak Parseltongue, Harry, because Lord Voldemort […] can speak Parseltongue. Unless I’m much mistaken, he transferred some of his own powers to you the night he gave you that scar.” […]
“Voldemort put a bit of himself in me?”
“It certainly seems so.” 5
Even Dumbledore would have been hard pressed to put two and two
together that quickly. It is much more likely that Dumbledore had
realized that Harry was a Horcrux before this conversation, and Deathly Hallows gives us a clue as to when this might have been. During “The Prince’s Tale” Dumbledore told Snape:
… on the night Lord Voldemort tried to
kill him, when Lily cast her own life between them as a shield, the
Killing Curse rebounded upon Lord Voldemort, and a fragment of
Voldemort’s soul was blasted apart from the whole, and latched itself
onto the only living soul left in that collapsing building.6
Dumbledore closed his eyes as he recounted this information as though
he was reliving a memory. And he painted the scene with the detail and
confidence of one who is certain of his facts. There was no guesswork
here. He knew what had happened that night at Godric’s Hollow and
he demonstrated this same certainty in the aftermath of James and
Lily’s deaths. Dumbledore knew that Voldemort had not died in the
attempt to kill Harry and he also knew that Lily had given her life for
her son.7 This is how he knew that Harry’s safest home would be with his mother’s blood.
The question is how could Dumbledore have known these things? Harry
was the only surviving witness to what had occurred that night, so the
most plausible explanation is that Dumbledore used Legilimency on the
baby to discover what had transpired – a completely reasonable course of
action. From Harry’s memories, he would have discovered the means to
protect the child and also the terrible truth that a bit of Voldemort’s
soul had lodged itself in Harry, forming that unique scar and preventing
Voldemort from dying. There is really no other way that Dumbledore
could have discovered this information except from Harry himself.
And so it is nearly certain that from the night James and Lily were
killed, Dumbledore planned for Harry to die – and not only to die, but
ideally to sacrifice his life willingly as Lily had done in order to
afford the Light side the greatest chance of destroying the
self-proclaimed Dark Lord. Consequently, Dumbledore had to not only keep
Harry safe, but to cultivate in him the willingness to lay down his
life when the moment was right.
To begin with, Dumbledore left Harry with the Dursleys. As with
Sirius, it was the child’s life, not his happiness that mattered.
Dumbledore berated the Dursleys during Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince for mistreating Harry, yet he himself left the boy to their care and admits to Harry in Order of the Phoenix that he knew he was condemning the child to “ten dark and difficult years.” 8
He was no less culpable than the Dursleys and he knew it. He had little
choice, of course. While there might have been other ways to keep Harry
safe, leaving the child in the Muggle world prevented him from becoming
spoiled by fame and ensured that he would be utterly ignorant of
Voldemort and the wizarding world – a formless piece of clay without
pretensions or preconceptions, ready to be molded by Dumbledore when he
arrived at Hogwarts.
Dumbledore wasted no time in doing just that. As early as Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone
it was apparent that Dumbledore was preparing Harry to face Voldemort.
Even Harry understood this in his own innocent way. “I think he sort of
wanted to give me a chance. […] It’s almost like he thought I had the
right to face Voldemort if I could …” 9
The prophecy alone does not explain the risk Dumbledore took in
allowing an eleven-year-old child to face an adult wizard possessed by
Voldemort. If Dumbledore had believed the prophecy and therefore that
Harry would need to kill Voldemort or die by his hand then surely
setting up such an unequal confrontation between the two adversaries
would have promoted the latter outcome – a reckless and unnecessary
risk. Dumbledore didn’t believe in the literal interpretation of
prophecies though10 and keeping Harry
alive was not his primary concern. He was honing a weapon and if Harry
should die, it would be no great tragedy as that fate awaited him
anyway.
Looking back on the books now, it is chilling to see how Dumbledore
maneuvered Harry from the very beginning. He played the role of wise,
kindly mentor for the boy who was desperate for an approving adult whom
he could trust. He played the role so well in fact that neither Harry
nor his best friends would ascribe any but the most altruistic motives
to the old man.
In Deathly Hallows Aberforth Dumbledore warned Harry that his
brother was not entirely scrupulous: “people had a habit of getting hurt
while he was carrying out his grand plans.” 11
Hermione protested that “Professor Dumbledore cared about Harry, very
much,” but Aberforth wasn’t impressed. “Funny thing, how many of the
people my brother cared about very much ended up in a worse state than
if he’d left ’em well alone.” 12 “How can you be sure, Potter, that my brother wasn’t more interested in the greater good than in you?” 13
Harry refused to entertain that thought, but too soon Aberforth was
proven right. After viewing Snape’s memories in “The Prince’s Tale”
Harry finally realized that he had been used.
Dumbledore’s betrayal was almost
nothing. Of course there had been a bigger plan; Harry had simply been
too foolish to see it, he realized that now. He had never questioned his
own assumption that Dumbledore wanted him alive. Now he saw that his
life span had always been determined by how long it took to eliminate
all the Horcruxes. Dumbledore had passed the job of destroying them to
him […] How neat, how elegant, not to waste any more lives, but
to give the dangerous task to the boy who had already been marked for
slaughter […]
And Dumbledore had known that Harry would not duck out […] because he had taken trouble to get to know him, hadn’t he?14
This last is perhaps Harry’s most poignant insight. Dumbledore had
drawn him in, gained his confidence, praised him for laying his life on
the line time and again, and cultivated his determination to finish
Voldemort at any cost to himself – until Dumbledore knew that Harry
wouldn’t balk when faced with the sacrifice required of him. However,
this begs the question of why Dumbledore didn’t tell Harry of his fate.
Dumbledore made one miscalculation in formulating his plan; he came
to care for Harry – so much so that his compassion for the boy
threatened to derail his scheme.
Do you see the flaw in my brilliant plan now? […] I
cared about you too much. I cared more for your happiness than your
knowing the truth, more for your peace of mind than my plan, more for
your life than the lives that might be lost if the plan failed.15
Order of the Phoenix was an epiphany of sorts for Dumbledore.
After admitting to having strayed from his design, he recommitted
himself to it, telling Harry of the prophecy. Throughout Harry’s sixth
year he continued to lead the boy to believe that he had to kill
Voldemort and encouraged Harry in his desire to do so.16
Ultimately, he gave Harry the task of destroying the Horcruxes. Yet
through all of this, he kept the fact that Harry was a Horcrux secret.
Dumbledore told Snape that it would be too great a burden for Harry to know that he must die,17
but this is the same sort of excuse Dumbledore used to justify not
telling Harry of the prophecy even when it was clear that Voldemort was
seeking it. He seemed to recognize the folly in that reasoning after the
debacle at the Department of Mysteries. Likewise, Dumbledore should
have realized that by the time Harry was learning to hunt Horcruxes and
to kill Voldemort, he was old enough for the whole truth. Dumbledore
owed him the truth.
Unfortunately, Aberforth was right about his brother. Keeping secrets
came as naturally as breathing to Dumbledore, and once again this very
nearly proved disastrous. It was only by the sheerest luck that Snape
managed to pass on the crucial information to Harry – not something a
wise general should rely upon when the fate of the war hangs in the
balance. Perhaps though, Dumbledore clung to this secret because of his
own sensibilities more than Harry’s. He did, after all, love the boy and
perhaps that is why in the end he couldn’t bring himself to tell Harry
the worst, but left that daunting task to the least likely of people.
Machiavelli and the Half-Blood Prince
As heartbreaking as Dumbledore’s calculated plan for Harry’s death
was, his treatment of Snape was in some ways even worse. A case can be
made that all of Dumbledore’s actions towards Harry were at least
nominally necessary for the defeat of Voldemort, but the same cannot be
said of his ill use of Snape. Before Deathly Hallows, it would
have been inconceivable that Severus Snape might wrest the moral high
ground from Albus Dumbledore, and yet he did precisely this in “The
Prince’s Tale.” That chapter of Deathly Hallows provided us with a rapid-fire insight into the relationship between these two men and it was shocking.
Our first glimpse was of Snape going to Dumbledore in desperation to
confess that he had told Voldemort of the prophecy and that the evil
wizard was going after Lily Potter’s son. And yet when he begged
Dumbledore to protect Lily, the old wizard rebuffed him, telling him to
ask Voldemort to spare her. Snape persisted, conceding that James and
Harry should be saved as well, but still Dumbledore appeared unmoved,
asking, “And what will you give me in return, Severus?”
This was Dumbledore at his manipulative best, using Snape’s desperate
fear for Lily to bend the young man to his service. It goes without
saying that Dumbledore would have protected the Potters regardless of
Snape’s plea. They were members of his own Order of the Phoenix. What
good man in Dumbledore’s position would have needed asking, let alone
recompense? But to have one of Voldemort’s brightest and most capable
Death Eaters come begging him for help presented an exquisite
opportunity that Dumbledore was not about to pass up and which he wasted
no time in exploiting.
The distraught Snape was taken aback by Dumbledore’s question. “In—in
return?” However, it only took a moment for him to make the choice that
Dumbledore had cornered him into making and his simple, “Anything,”
sounded very much like chains being bound about a prisoner.18
Dumbledore manipulated Snape with equal proficiency on the night that
the Potters died. Snape was grief stricken at the news of Lily’s death,
but Dumbledore offered him no comfort. Instead he used Snape’s grief to
maneuver him into agreeing to protect Harry. Standing over the young
man who had yet to see his twenty-second birthday he twisted the knife
with skillful calculation.
“Her son lives. He has her eyes, precisely her eyes. You remember the shape and color of Lily Evans’s eyes, I am sure?”
“DON’T!” bellowed Snape. “Gone … dead …”
“Is this remorse, Severus?”
“I wish … I wish I were dead….”
“And what use would that be to anyone?”
said Dumbledore coldly. “If you loved Lily Evans, if you truly loved
her, then your way forward is clear.”
“What—what do you mean?”
“You know how and why she died. Make sure it was not in vain. Help me protect Lily’s son.” 19
Some might argue that Dumbledore did all of this for Snape in order
to save the young man from selling his soul to Voldemort, but
Dumbledore’s subsequent actions dashed the hope that this was his sole
motivation. While he certainly trusted Snape implicitly, he could also
be gratuitously cruel to the man.
Dumbledore clearly enjoyed Snape’s impotent fury when Sirius escaped in Prisoner of Azkaban.
He was quite delighted at Harry and Hermione having pulled off his
clever plan for them to go back in time to save Sirius and Buckbeak.
That’s certainly understandable, but knowing how Snape felt about Lily’s
death, couldn’t Dumbledore have shown a bit more sensitivity for the
man’s distress over her supposed betrayer’s escape? Snape’s pain at that
moment had to be almost unbearable. And yet all Dumbledore could do was
smirk about his “severe disappointment.” 20
The Elder Wand presented another troublesome issue. Dumbledore admitted that he intended Snape to have the wand.21
Why then didn’t he bother to tell Snape? At King’s Cross, he told Harry
that he knew Voldemort would go after the Elder Wand, “I have been sure
that he would try, ever since your wand beat Voldemort’s in the
graveyard of Little Hangleton.” 22 So
in asking Snape to kill him, Dumbledore was effectively painting a
target on Snape’s back at which Voldemort was bound to eventually take
aim. If this stratagem fit into one of Dumbledore’s convoluted plans, he
took that knowledge to his grave. However, regardless of what he hoped
to accomplish, he should have at least warned Snape that his life was
being put in even greater peril than usual. It’s clear that he didn’t,
because Snape was caught completely off guard at the Shrieking Shack in Deathly Hallows;
he wasn’t expecting Voldemort to murder him. It would seem that this
was yet another secret that Dumbledore failed to reveal – with tragic
results.
It is unlikely that Dumbledore was being intentionally cruel in these
situations. A more probable – and charitable – explanation is that
these are further examples of how detached he truly was. For all his
insight into human nature, he was often oblivious to the emotional needs
of those around him. Perhaps the most poignant example of this comes in
“The Prince’s Tale.”
When Snape finally learned the truth of Dumbledore’s plan for Harry’s
death, he was horrified. “You have kept him alive so that he can die at
the right moment?” 23
Dumbledore’s response was chillingly nonchalant. “Don’t be shocked, Severus. How many men and women have you watched die?” 24
Not only did Dumbledore refuse to acknowledge the horror of what he
had planned for Harry, he insinuated that Snape had no right to feel
affronted. Surely the former Death Eater was too inured to Voldemort’s
horrors to feel any remorse over the loss of an innocent life.
Snape’s reply, “Lately, only those whom I could not save,” 25
was heartbreaking and it was at this moment that Snape finally
understood that Dumbledore had betrayed him. It is perhaps ironic that
the ever-suspicious Slytherin spy could not see the lies that had been
in front of him for so many years, but for all that Snape led a life of
professional deceit he was scrupulously honest and honorable in his
dealings with Dumbledore and was stunned to discover that the old man
had not returned the favor.
“You have used me. […] I have
spied for you and lied for you, put myself in mortal danger for you.
Everything was supposed to be to keep Lily Potter’s son safe. Now you
tell me that you have been raising him like a pig for slaughter—” 26
Dumbledore could have easily placated Snape’s outrage at this point.
He might have said that he didn’t want to grieve Snape by telling him
the truth; that yes, Harry’s impending fate was tragic, but unavoidable
and that Lily would have understood the need for such a sacrifice. He
could have said something to imply that he felt remorse for having
deceived his loyal spy. Sadly, he didn’t even try. Instead, he once
again challenged Snape’s right to feel hurt and outraged. “Have you come
to care for the boy, after all?” 27
Snape’s response, however, was uncontestable. When the silver doe
burst from his wand, it declared plainly where his loyalty lay. What had
been merely a means to an end for Dumbledore was a lifelong vow to
Snape. Regardless of his feelings for Harry, he had pledged his life to
the boy for Lily’s sake and remained faithful to that vow.
Dumbledore was moved to tears by this symbol of Snape’s constancy,
though it’s difficult to say why. Perhaps he never truly believed that
Snape loved Lily. Perhaps he thought of it as only an obsessive
infatuation. After all, he himself had been betrayed by a young man whom
he thought loved him and that betrayal cost an innocent life just as
Snape’s youthful betrayal of the Potters did. It’s possible that
Dumbledore thought that Snape’s love for Lily was as transient as
Grindelwald’s love for him and this may explain his callous disregard
for Snape over the years. It would also explain his tears at the
realization that Snape’s love was real and unwavering.
“After all this time?”
“Always.” 28
The Chess Master
Of all the lies that Dumbledore told, perhaps the most pernicious came at the end of Philosopher’s Stone. In the hospital wing when Harry began to question Dumbledore, the old wizard assured him, “I shall not, of course, lie.” 29
Yet Dumbledore did precisely that. Only moments later he told Harry
that the reason Snape protected him all year was because of a life debt
owed to James Potter.
I do believe he worked so hard to
protect you this year because he felt that would make him and your
father quits. Then he could go back to hating your father’s memory in
peace. 30
Dumbledore knew that Snape had been protecting Harry for Lily’s sake
and certainly not for James, so this was a bald-faced lie. Worse, it was
a poisonous one and completely unnecessary. While Dumbledore couldn’t
tell Harry the truth about Snape and Lily, he could have easily come up
with a general explanation for Snape’s actions: “Professor Snape is a
teacher at this school and would do all in his power to protect every
child at Hogwarts regardless of his personal feelings.” Or perhaps, “I
suspected Quirrell and asked Professor Snape to keep an eye on him and
to protect you.”
Both of these reasons possess some shred of truth and more
importantly, either would have given Harry a more honest understanding
of Snape’s motivations. Yes, he hated James and Harry, but when it
mattered he was capable of putting those feelings aside and acting with
integrity. That kernel of truth could have gone a long way towards
softening Harry’s opinion of Snape.
Instead, Dumbledore told Harry a lie guaranteed to make the boy think
the worst of his Potions Master, believing that Snape only saved him
for the sake of his own vindictive hatred when in fact Snape was acting
out of love. What a cruel disservice to both Harry and Snape. It would
also seem to be pointless. This only served to spur on the animosity
between Snape and Harry and it gained Dumbledore nothing – nothing, that
is, beyond control.
Dumbledore recognized that his greatest weakness was a thirst for power,31
but while he guarded against this weakness in many aspects of his life
such as refusing to stand for Minister for Magic, he succumbed to it in
his ultimate chess game with Voldemort. Perhaps that is the reason then
for this seemingly senseless lie. Had Harry and Snape found any common
ground, it might have diluted Dumbledore’s influence over Harry and
Dumbledore could not risk that, not when Harry was still so young and
impressionable and might detour from the path Dumbledore had planned for
him. He couldn’t afford to chance losing control over his most
important chess piece.
Dumbledore’s longing for power was always benevolent. Even while
plotting with Grindelwald to gain dominion over Muggles, he convinced
himself that he was doing it for the Muggles’ own good. We can see this
same paternalistic behavior throughout the books. Dumbledore believed
that he knew what was best for everyone, whether it be using Snape’s
guilt and grief to turn him to the Light side or lying to Harry to
protect him from knowledge of his fate.
But he had no right to such condescension, no right to manipulate the
lives of others, no matter how noble his purpose. Worst of all,
Dumbledore used love as his tool. He knew, you see, that nothing binds
the soul more surely than love and so he used Snape’s love for Lily and
Harry’s abiding love for virtually everyone to persuade them to do his
bidding.
Harry and Snape never stood a chance against the master gamesman. He
manipulated them both effortlessly and so completely that even when his
machinations were revealed they still obeyed. That’s because he used
their own natures to ensnare them. He deceived them in the particulars,
but he led them where they were willing to go. He laid out an enticing
road – the only one in sight – and beckoned them to follow him down it.
They couldn’t see the end. He kept that hidden until they had gone far
enough that he knew they wouldn’t turn back. Then he stepped aside and
pointed the way to the cliff he expected them to jump off.
One might call this a ruthless faith in both Snape and Harry’s better
natures. It is horrifying and compelling at the same time. Because
Dumbledore was right; there was no other path to take. Still, one can’t
help wondering if he couldn’t have spared a little more honesty and
respect for the two people of whom he asked the ultimate sacrifice.
Notes
1. Solomon, “J.K. Rowling Interview.”
2. Anelli & Spartz. “TLC/MN interview: Part One.”
3. Adler, Shawn. “Rowling Meets With L.A. Students.”
4. Rowling,
Deathly Hallows, 562.
5. Ibid.,
Chamber of Secrets, 245.
6. Ibid.,
Deathly Hallows, 686.
7. Ibid.,
Order of the Phoenix, 736.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.,
Philosopher’s Stone, 219.
10. Ibid.,
Half-Blood Prince, 510–12.
11. Ibid.,
Deathly Hallows, 561.
12. Ibid., 563.
13. Ibid., 568.
14. Ibid., 692–93.
15. Ibid.,
Order of the Phoenix, 739.
16. Ibid.,
Half-Blood Prince, 510–12.
17. Ibid.,
Deathly Hallows, 685.
18. Ibid., 678.
19. Ibid., 678–79.
20. Ibid.,
Prisoner of Azkaban, 307.
21. Ibid.,
Deathly Hallows, 721.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 687.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.,
Philosopher’s Stone, 216.
30. Ibid., 217.
31. Ibid.,
Deathly Hallows, 718.
Bibliography
Adler, Shawn. “ ‘Harry Potter’ Author J.K. Rowling Meets With L.A. Students, Plots Her Next Move.”
MTV.com, 15 October 2007.
http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571977/20071015/index.jhtml.
Anelli, Melissa and Emerson Spartz. “The Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling: Part One,”
The Leaky Cauldron, 16 July 2005.
http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/0705-tlc_mugglenet-anelli-1.htm.
Rowling, J.K.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. London: Bloomsbury, 1998.
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